rdcjournalRoyal Dental College JournalE-Volume 8 Issue 1MultidisciplinaryEnglishJanuary- DecemberNNY20250922BiochemistryCarbofuran-Induced Neurotoxicity and Potential Neuroprotective Effects of Curcumin: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Translational ProspectsEnglishY13BinithaPP1EnglishNCarbofuran, a widely used N-methyl carbamate pesticide, induces acute cholinergic toxicity and long-term neurotoxicity through acetylcholinesterase inhibition, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These mechanisms contribute to neurobehavioral impairments and systemic toxicity, posing significant public health concerns. This review aims to elucidate the mechanistic insights of carbofuran neurotoxicity and evaluate the potential neuroprotective effects of curcumin, a natural antioxidant compound, highlighting translational prospects for mitigating pesticide-induced neuronal damage. A comprehensive literature survey was conducted focusing on carbofuran’s toxicodynamic, oxidative and mitochondrial injury pathways, and preclinical and clinical evidence supporting curcumin’s antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and mitochondrial stabilizing actions in models of pesticide toxicity. Carbofuran toxicity involves reversible carbamylation of acetylcholinesterase, excessive reactive oxygen species generation, lipid peroxidation, TCA cycle disruption, and endocrine axis interference. Curcumin demonstrates neuroprotection by scavenging ROS, modulating NF-κB signaling, restoring antioxidant enzyme activities, and improving mitochondrial function. Novel curcumin formulations improve bioavailability and efficacy against carbofuran-induced neurotoxicity in animal models. Curcumin presents a mechanistically promising neuro-nutraceutical candidate for attenuating carbofuran-induced neurotoxicity. However, challenges such as limited bioavailability and scarce clinical trials necessitate further research. Public health strategies should emphasize exposure prevention alongside exploring adjunct nutraceutical therapies.EnglishCarbofuran, Curcumin, Mitochondrial injury, Oxidative stress, PesticidesOxidative stress, PesticidesOxidativehttps://www.rdcjournal.org/abstract?id=281References16191. Ozkara A, Akyıl D, Konuk M. Pesticides, environmental pollution, and health. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2016;46:90-6. doi 10.5772/63094. 2. Van Dyk JS, Pletschke BI. Review on the use of enzymes for the detection of organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate pesticides in the environment. Chemosphere. 2011;Jan 82(3):291-307. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.033. 3. Lan J, Sun W, Chen L, Zhou H, Fan Y, Diao X, et al. Simultaneous and rapid detection of carbofuran and 3-hydroxy-carbofuran in water samples and pesticide preparations using lateral-flow immunochromatographic assay. Food Agric Immunol. 2020;31(1):165-75. doi.org/10.1080/09540105.2019.1708272. 4. Ariffin F, Rahman SA. Biodegradation of carbofuran; A Review. Journal of Environmental Microbiology and Toxicology. 2020;8(1):50-57. 5. Waseem M, Perry C, Bomann S, Pai M, Gernsheimer J. Cholinergic crisis after rodenticide poisoning. West J Emerg Med. 2010;Dec11(5):524-7. 6. Fan AM. Mode of action and toxicity of carbamate pesticides. J Pestic Sci. 2011;36:258and;ndash;66. 7. Kamboj SS, Kumar V, Kamboj A, Sandhir R. Mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction in rat brain induced by carbofuran exposure. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2008;28(7):961-9. 8. Purushothaman BP, Kuttan R. Protective effect of curcumin against carbofuran-induced toxicity in Wistar rats. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2017;36(1):73-86. 9. Afzal S, Syed S, Shah, Iqbal MF, Noureen A. Review on effect of carbamate pesticide on male reproductive system of mammals. Int J Entomol Res. 2018;3(1):31-3. 10. Ibrahim AT, Harabawy AS. Sublethal toxicity of carbofuran on the African catfish Clarias gariepinus: hormonal, enzymatic and antioxidant responses. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2014;106:33-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.04.032. 11. Mecocci P, Tinarelli C, Schulz RJ, Polidori. Nutraceuticals in cognitive impairment and Alzheimerand;#39;s disease. Front Pharmacol. 2014 Jun 23;5:147. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00147. 12. Voulgaropoulou SD, van Amelsvoort T, Prickaerts J, Vingerhoets C. The effect of curcumin on cognition in Alzheimerand;rsquo;s disease and healthy aging: A systematic review of pre-clinical and clinical studies. Brain Res. 2019;Dec 15;1725:146476. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146476. 13. Hegde M, Girisa S, BharathwajChetty B, Vishwa R, Kunnumakkara AB. Curcumin formulations for better bioavailability: what we learned from clinical trials thus far? ACS Omega. 2023 Mar 13;8(12):10713-46. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07326. 14. Li L, Zhang X, Pi C, Yang H, Zheng X, Zhao L et al. Review of curcumin physicochemical targeting delivery system. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020;15:9799-9821. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S276201. 15. Yadav N, Kumar H, Chandra S. Protective effect of curcumin on lindane-induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats. J Exp Res. 2017;5(2):60-8.