Periodontal disease leads to the irreversible damage of the structures that support teeth, such as the alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum. Traditional periodontal treatments are successful in managing infection and inflammation; however, achieving true regeneration of the lost tissues continues to pose a significant clinical challenge. Recent advancements in regenerative medicine have underscored the potential involvement of stem cells in the restoration of periodontal structures. Among the different populations of dental stem cells, periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) have garnered considerable attention due to their availability, ability to self-renew, potential for multi lineage differentiation, and essential role in maintaining periodontal health. This review article intends to provide an overview of the biological properties of PDLSCs, their regenerative capabilities, sources, mechanisms of action, and the current experimental and clinical evidence that supports their application in periodontal regeneration.